International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP)
International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) e- ISSN : 2808-845X is a communication media and scientific publication in the health and pharmaceutical fields published by Inara Publisher. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) contains articles from research focusing on Public health, Pharmaceutical Science and All Science. International Journal of Health and Pharmaceutical (IJHP) is published periodically four times a year (February, May, August and November).
The Relationship Between Characteristics of Patients with Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Hospitalized with Blood Eosinophil Levels at Waled Regional Hospital in September 2023-September 2024
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disorder with persistent airflow limitation and prone to acute exacerbations, in which blood eosinophil levels have been proposed as a marker of type 2 inflammation and response to therapy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between clinical-demographic characteristics of patients with acute exacerbations of COPD hospitalized at Waled Regional Hospital and blood eosinophil levels during the period of September 2023–September 2024. This study was a quantitative observational analytical study with a cross-sectional design conducted on 132 inpatients with exacerbations of COPD who met the inclusion criteria based on medical records, including diagnosis, first-time blood eosinophil laboratory results, and the absence of active helminth infections. Data were collected retrospectively from medical records and analyzed using univariate descriptive statistics and Spearman's rank correlation test in SPSS. The results showed that 62.1% of patients were male, 68.9% were aged ≥60 years, 75.0% had normal eosinophils (0–300 cells/μL), and 25.0% had elevated eosinophils (>300 cells/μL). Statistical tests found a significant but weak association between male gender and blood eosinophil levels (p = 0.023, rs = 0.198), while no significant association was found between age or occupational history and eosinophil levels. The results showed that in this regional referral hospital setting, elevated eosinophils were more common in male patients with acute exacerbation of COPD, while age and occupation did not show a significant association. The conclusions of the study underscore the need for larger prospective studies to clarify the role of eosinophils as a marker of severity and response to therapy in low-middle-income areas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jidni Alaya Suryadirezi, Dwi Rosa Eka Agustina, Isti Noviani https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of E-WOM and Digital Marketing Patient’ Re-Visits at The Internal Medicine Polyclinic Sebening Kasih Hospital
The research problem arose from indications that some nurses experience difficulties in optimally performing their nursing duties, which can impact the quality of patient care. Unequal distribution of professional competence, low motivation due to a lack of recognition and career development, and a high workload due to an imbalance in the nurse-to-patient ratio are suspected to be the main causes of this decline in performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of professional competence, work motivation, and workload on nurse performance in the inpatient ward of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati Central Java Indonesia. This study, a descriptive quantitative study, recruited 42 respondents: nurses working in the in the internal medicine polyclinic of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati, who had worked in the inpatient ward for at least six months, were permanent nurses or active contract nurses, and were willing to participate. The data collected consisted of primary data collected using a questionnaire. The results concluded that professional competence and work motivation had a positive and significant effect on nurse performance in the inpatient ward of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati, Central Java Indonesia Workload negatively affected nurse performance. The higher the workload, the lower their performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadhila Nur Amalina, Enrico Adithya Rinaldi, Nurminingsih Nurminingsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship Between Residential Density and Ventilation Area and The Incidence of Pulmonary TB in The Work Area of The Temindung Community Health Center
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains a major health problem in Indonesia. One of the important risk factors in its transmission is the condition of the residential environment, including residential density and the area of ​​​​house ventilation. Objective: This study aims to analyze the relationship between residential density and ventilation area with the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of ​​​​Temindung Community Health Center, Samarinda City. Research Methods: This study used a quantitative approach with a case-control design. The study sample consisted of 90 respondents, namely 45 pulmonary TB cases and 45 non-TB controls taken from the working area of ​​​​Temindung Community Health Center. Data were collected through direct observation, interviews, and measurements using a rollmeter. Analysis was carried out bivariately using the Chi-Square test and Odds Ratio (OR). Results: The results of the analysis showed a significant relationship between ventilation area and the incidence of pulmonary TB (p = 0.001; OR = 5.091; 95% CI: 2.052–12.628). In contrast, no significant association was found between residential density and the incidence of pulmonary TB (p = 1.000; OR = 0.780; 95% CI: 0.195–3.118). Conclusion: Inadequate ventilation is a significant risk factor for the incidence of pulmonary TB. Meanwhile, residential density was not statistically proven to be associated with the incidence of pulmonary TB in the study area. Environmental health interventions that emphasize improving home ventilation are recommended to reduce the incidence of pulmonary TB.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rusdi, Ainur Rachman, Dito Julianto A https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effectiveness of Acupuncture Care In Cases of Sided Facial Paralysis (Miantan): A Case Study At The Integration Polyclinic of Carolus Borromeus Hospital, Kupang, NTT
Unilateral facial paralysis, also known as Miantan, refers to paralysis affecting one side of the face. One type of Miantan is Shi Syndrome, which is caused by pathogenic factors such as wind-cold and wind-heat. These factors lead to obstruction of the flow of Qi in the Yang Ming and Shao Yang meridians, resulting in a “wind-phlegm” syndrome. This condition manifests with various associated symptoms, including weakness of the facial muscles, and may lead to the characteristic clinical features of Bell’s palsy. Bell’s palsy is a peripheral facial nerve paralysis characterized by weakness or paralysis on one side of the face due to dysfunction of the seventh cranial nerve. This condition is characterized by inability to close the eyes completely, drooping of the mouth corner, and facial asymmetry. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of acupuncture care in patients with Bell’s palsy at the Integrative department of St. Carolus Borromeus Hospital Kupang. This study used a qualitative case study design. The participant was a 35-year-old female patient diagnosed with left-sided Bell’s palsy. Data were collected using acupuncture diagnostic methods including observation (Wang), listening and smelling (Wen), questioning (Wen), and palpation (Qie). Acupuncture therapy was administered based on the established diagnosis of disease and syndrome. The results showed facial asymmetry on the left side, inability to raise the forehead, and incomplete eyelid closure. After several acupuncture therapy sessions, improvements were observed in facial muscle function, eyelid closure ability, and facial expressions. This study concludes that acupuncture therapy can improve facial nerve function and accelerate recovery in patients with Bell’s palsy.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vivi Kurniati Tjahjadi, Mayang Wulandari, Amal Prihatono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Organizational Readiness for The Implementation of Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) in The Development of Green Laboratories at Pertamina Central Hospital Jakarta
The transformation of the healthcare sector toward sustainability has become a strategic necessity due to the high emissions generated by healthcare service activities, particularly hospital laboratories. The integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles through the development of green laboratories represents a key approach to achieving sustainable healthcare. This study aims to analyze the organizational readiness of Pertamina Central Hospital (RSPP) in implementing ESG, focusing on regulatory, human resource, and infrastructure aspects. This study employed a descriptive qualitative design. Data were collected through field observations, document reviews, in-depth interviews, and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, narrative and thematic presentation, and conclusion drawing, which were validated using source and method triangulation. The results indicate that regulatory support for green laboratories is available but incomplete. In the human resource aspect, occupational safety and environmental culture have been implemented; however, conceptual understanding of green laboratory principles has not been evenly distributed among staff. Supporting infrastructure is partially available, yet energy efficiency technologies and environmental sensor systems have not been fully implemented. The organizational readiness of RSPP in implementing ESG for green laboratory development has been partially established. Strengthening formal regulations, enhancing human resource capacity through structured training, and developing green technology-based infrastructure are required as sustainable.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dian Wahyu Rofita Kusuma, Alih Germas Kodyat, Haidar Istiqlal https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of The Side Effects of Dots (Directly Observed Treatment Shortcourse) on The Success of Pulmonary Tuberculosis (Tuberculosis) Therapy at Raa Soewondo Pati Hospital
This study aims to analyze the side effects of DOTS on the success of TB therapy. The research was conducted at the RAA Soewondo Pati Hospital using a quantitative descriptive method with a cross-sectional approach. Sampling was carried out using a total sampling technique, and 117 respondents were obtained who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire of side effects and medication adherence that has been tested for validity and reliability, and supported by patient medical record data. Data analysis includes univariate analysis, and bivariate analysis with Chi-square and Odd Ratio (OR) tests. The results showed that the most common side effects experienced by patients were urine discoloration to red (100%), flu syndrome (29.9%), nausea (18.8%), and no appetite (15.4%). The severity of the majority of side effects was in the mild category (88%). The patient compliance rate was relatively high, namely 92.3% complied in undergoing therapy, and 93.2% of patients were declared successful in completing therapy. The results of bivariate analysis showed that there was a very significant relationship and influence between drug side effects and the success of pulmonary tuberculosis therapy. This is shown by the results of the chi-square test which shows a p-value of 0.000 (p<0.05). And the Odd Ratio (OR) which yields a value of 0.010. Interpretation of this value shows that patients who experience moderate side effects have a 100-fold higher risk of therapy failure.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ummi Nur Faidah, Eko Retnowati, Galih Kurniawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Success Rate of Direct Hydroponic Cultivation Counseling and Training to Increase Mothers' Knowledge in Sambirejo Village Regarding Nutritional Fulfillment for Infants
Hydroponic cultivation is increasingly relevant as a solution for household food security amidst limited land and a high prevalence of stunting in Indonesia. This study aims to measure the success rate of direct hydroponic counseling and training on improving the knowledge of mothers in Sambirejo Village regarding infant nutrition. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the population was mothers with babies in the village with a sample of 20 people via purposive sampling. Instruments included pre-post test questionnaires and observations, analyzed by thematic data reduction and One-Way ANOVA. The results showed a significant increase in knowledge from an average score of 1.8 to 2.7 (p<0.05), the good category increased from 25% to 80%. It was concluded that the intervention was effective in improving understanding of infant nutrition through hydroponics, and integration into integrated health posts (Posyandu) was recommended.
Copyright (c) 2026 Widya Yustika, Humairah Medina Liza Lubis, Nurcahaya Sinaga https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Professional Competence, Work Motivation, and Workload,on Nurses Performance in The Patient Ward Sebening Kasih Hospital
The research problem arises from indications that some nurses experience difficulties in performing their nursing duties optimally, which can impact the quality of patient care. Unequal distribution of professional competence, low motivation due to a lack of recognition and career development opportunities, and a high workload resulting from an imbalance in the nurse-to-patient ratio are suspected to be the main causes of this decline in performance. The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of professional competence, work motivation, and workload on nurse performance in the inpatient ward of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati. Central Java, Indonesia. This study, a descriptive quantitative study, recruited 42 respondents: nurses working in the inpatient ward of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati, who had worked in the ward for at least six months, were permanent or active contract nurses, and were willing to participate. The data collected consisted of primary data collected using a questionnaire. The results concluded that professional competence and work motivation had a positive and significant effect on nurse performance in the inpatient ward of Sebening Kasih Hospital, Pati. Central Java, Indonesia. Workload negatively affected nurse performance. The higher the workload, the lower their performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Enrico Adithya Rinaldi, Grace Rumengan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship Between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Pain Intensity in Patients With Lumbar Nucleus Pulposus Hernia (HNP)
Lumbar Herniated Nucleus Pulposus (HNP) is one of the main causes of low back pain that can reduce the quality of life of sufferers. Risk factor that affect the intensity of pain in HNP patients include body mass index (BMI). An increase in BMI can cause additional mechanical stress on the lumbar spine, alter posture, and exacerbate pain. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between BMI and pain intensity in patients with lumbar HNP at Budhi Asih General Hospital. This study used an analytical observational research method with a cross-sectional approach. The study sample consisted of 54 patients. BMI data obtained from measuring the patients' height and weight were classified according to WHO categories, while pain intensity was measured using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) instrument. Data analysis using the Chi-Square test showed a significant relationship between BMI and pain intensity in patients with lumbar HNP (P < 0.029). These findings indicate that obesity increases the mechanical load on the lumbar spine, thereby exacerbating pain in HNP patients. In conclusion, there is a significant relationship between BMI and pain intensity in lumbar HNP patients. Therefore, weight control through a healthy lifestyle and appropriate rehabilitation programs is expected to reduce pain intensity and improve patients' quality of life.
Copyright (c) 2026 Patria Adri Wibhawa, Tranggono Yudo Utomo, Agus Yudawijaya, Gabriella Natasha Levina Sihombing https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Relationship Between Risk Factors and The Incidence of Primary and Post-Primary Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global health problem, with Indonesia ranking second in the world for the highest number of cases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between various risk factors and the incidence of primary and post-primary tuberculosis in the Merdeka Public Health Center working area in 2025.Based on preliminary data, there are 122 TB patients in the region diagnosed using the Molecular Rapid Test (TCM). Identified risk factors include host factors such as male gender, productive age (15–64 years), low education, and low economic status. Additionally, home environmental factors play a crucial role in increasing transmission risk, including inadequate residential density (<9m²/person), poor ventilation, lack of natural lighting, and suboptimal air humidity. Negative preventive behaviors and exposure to cigarette smoke are also significant contributors to the incidence of the disease.Mitigation efforts require comprehensive interventions. These must focus not only on medical treatment but also on improving residential environmental conditions and educating the community on healthy behaviors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Achnes Pangaribuan, Andriyani Risma Sanggul, Agnes Dorothy, Vidi Posdo A. Simarmata, Vanessa Mutiara Marcelina, Febtusia Puspitasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Influence of Service, Price, and Promotion on Online Transportation User Decisions in Medan
Online transportation first became popular in Indonesia with the arrival of Gojek in 2010. There are several online transportation services available in Medan, such as Grab, Gojek, Maxim, and InDrive. Service issues include inconsistency in service delivery, drivers who are unfriendly and unprofessional. Pricing issues include price differences between application platforms and complex fare structures. Promotional issues include excessive reliance on promotions to attract new users and a lack of user education on promotions in payment methods. Quantitative descriptive research is the research method, and explanatory research is the nature of the research. Interviews, questionnaires, and documentation studies are the data collection methods. Multiple linear regression with classical assumption testing, namely normality, multicollinearity, and heteroscedasticity, is the method of analysis. The research population consists of 300 users, 171 of whom were selected through simple random sampling divided into 21 sub-districts in Medan, and the validity and reliability were tested on 30 of them. The simultaneous effect of service, price, and promotion (F-test) has a positive effect on the success rate. Fcount 34.524 > Ftable 2.66 with sig. 0.000 < 0.05. Partially (t-test), service tcount 4.883 > ttable 1.65392 and sig. 0.000 < 0.05, price tcount 1.494 < ttable 1.65392 and sig. 0.137 > 0.05, promotion tcount 1.769 > ttable 1.65392 and sig. 0.079 > 0.05. The adjusted Rsquare coefficient test result is 0.372, meaning that 37.2% of the decision to use online transportation services in Medan is influenced by service, price, and promotion, while the remaining 62.8% is explained by other factors.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rahmat Alamsyah Harahap, Eszra Nicolas Sibarani, Melisa Romaito Siahaan, Riris Victoria M Pangaribuan, Frida T Telaumbanua https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Profile of Hypertension Patients Receiving Outpatient Care
Hypertension is a non-communicable disease with high prevalence and a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney disorders. This condition is often asymptomatic, leading many patients to be diagnosed only after complications arise. Therefore, information on the profile of hypertensive patients is essential for healthcare planning and complication prevention. This study aimed to identify the profile of hypertensive patients at RSUD Naibonat during 2023-2024. A retrospective descriptive design was employed. Data were obtained from medical records of outpatient hypertensive patients at RSUD Naibonat during the study period. Total sampling was applied, including 152 patients meeting inclusion criteria. Variables analyzed included age, sex, body mass index, and blood pressure grade according to the Indonesian Society of Hypertension. Data were analyzed descriptively and presented as frequency distributions and percentages. Most hypertensive patients were elderly, particularly aged 67-76 years. Female patients outnumbered males. The majority had above-normal body mass index, predominantly type 2 obesity. Regarding blood pressure grade, grade 1 hypertension was most common, followed by isolated systolic hypertension and grade 2 hypertension. The profile of hypertensive patients at RSUD Naibonat during 2023-2024 was dominated by elderly individuals, females, and those with above-normal body mass index. These findings highlight the importance of early detection, risk factor management, and adoption of a healthy lifestyle to prevent hypertension progression and its complications.
Copyright (c) 2026 Welly Salutondok, Syalomo Excellens Sangga Malole Ballo, Vidi Posdo A. Simarmata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship Between Nursing Services and Psychological Well-Being in The Elderly
The elderly can experience psychological problems, such as feelings of uselessness and being unnecessary, changes in lifestyle, and feelings of sadness and loneliness due to the loss of a life partner and peers. One important aspect that can maintain a balanced quality of life for the elderly is psychological well-being. for this reason optimal care services are required. The purpose of this study was to see The Relationship Between Nursing Services And Psychological Well-Being In The Elderly. The design of this study used analytical descriptive correlation with cross sectional approach with a large sample of 80 respondents. The sampling technique used is total sampling with independent variables, namely nursing services, Dependent variable in this study were psychological well being. The research instruments used are nursing services questionnaire and psychological well being questionnaire. The research was carried out at the Budi Sejahtera Banjarbaru Elderly Social Protection and Rehabilitation Institution (PPRSLU). The statistical test used in this study was spearman rho test. The test results found that There was no relationship between nursing services and psychological well being. Nurses should be able to improve the provision of nursing services to the elderly in order to improve the well-being of the elderly. There is an increase in the quality of life of the elderly. The quality of life of the elderly.
Copyright (c) 2026 Diana Pefbrianti, Diana Hardiyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Optimization of Labrasol and Tween 80 in Self Nano-Emulsiying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) Mefenamic Acid Using The Simplex Lattice Design Method
Mefenamic acid is a derivative of anthranilic acid that functions as a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), antipyretic, and analgesic. Mefenamic acid is included in the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS) class II which has low solubility and high permeability. The manufacture of SNEDDS requires a non-ionic surfactant with an HLB (Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance) value of more than 10. Mefenamic acid has high solubility in the surfactant Labrasol which has HLB 12 and Tween 80 which has HLB 15. This study aims to develop mefenamic acid into a Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) with the optimization of labrasol and tween 80 as surfactants. The optimization of mefenamic acid SNEDDS is made using the simplex lattice design method. In the optimization, 6 running SNEDDS formulas were obtained with mefenamic acid. Chemical physics testing includes organoleptic evaluation, pH, viscosity, percent of transmitters, emulsification time, stability, particle size, potential zeta, and level determination. The results showed that the optimal combination of labrasol and tweenat SNEDDS mefenamic acid 80, namely 24% Labrasol and 1% Tween 80, with a desirability value of 0.984, had a clear, non-rancid, homogeneous, liquid-shaped color, pH of 4.69, viscosity 31.33 cP, transmitter percentage 96.80%, emulsification time 29.11 seconds, particle size 44.30 nm, zeta potential -28.87 mV, and a polydispersivity index of 0.563, with a percentage of levels of 100.08%, 100.70%, and 99.87%, respectively. Key words: Self Nano-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS), Labrasol, Tween 80
Copyright (c) 2026 Silvy Aldila, Anifatus Sa’adah, Valentina Girsang, Farah Destyana Nurainy, Ummi Kalsum, Rossalina Nurul Agustin, Novita Dwi Dahliyanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship Between Random Blood Glucose Levels and The Incidence of Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Diabetes mellitus is a global health challenge characterized by an ever-increasing number of cases annually. The most feared chronic complication of diabetes mellitus is diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), which significantly increases the risk of amputation and mortality rates. This study aims to analyze the relationship between random blood sugar (RBS) levels and the incidence of DFU in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Paragon Hospital, Citeureup 2026. The research method used is an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. A total of 54 subjects meet the inclusion criteria out of 109 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Medical record data were statistically analyzed using the Chi-Square test. The results indicated that DFU patients were predominantly male (53.7%) and belonged to the 46-55 age group (38.9%). Clinical findings showed that the majority of research subjects (88.9%) had high random blood sugar levels (≥ 200 mg/dL). Statistical test results yielded a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant relationship between high RBS levels and the incidence of DFU. Based on the result the concluded that uncontrolled RBS levels are a primary trigger for DFU. Chronic hyperglycemia triggers vascular and nerve damage, which inhibits the tissue healing process in the feet. Optimal control of RBS levels is essential as a preventive measure to avoid amputation complications in type 2 diabetes patients.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nur Nunu Prihantini, Fri Rahmawati, Zefeilyne Angelita Permata Sitorus, John Jackson Yang, Frisca Angreni https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Stunting, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), is a form of chronic malnutrition characterized by a child’s length or height being more than two standard deviations below the median for their age group. While diagnosing stunting is relatively straightforward, the primary challenge lies in its prevention. Clinical assessment and laboratory investigations play an important role in predicting the risk of stunting. Basic laboratory evaluations include complete blood count, urinalysis, and routine stool examination. In addition, metabolic screening may involve random blood glucose, blood gas analysis, lactate, ammonia, ketone bodies, amino acid profiles, and urinary organic acids. Further investigations can include culture tests, iron profile, electrolyte levels, renal and liver function tests, thyroid hormones, infection screening, and immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels. Iron deficiency is a key contributing factor to stunting; therefore, its prevention is essential. Hemoglobin is a sensitive marker for detecting iron deficiency anemia, but it is not reliable for identifying early iron deficiency. Hemoglobin levels may remain within the normal range even when iron stores begin to decline, which can delay diagnosis if clinicians rely solely on this parameter. Serum ferritin is a more sensitive early marker, as its levels decrease in the initial stages of iron deficiency.
Copyright (c) 2026 Danny Ernest Jonas Luhulima, Louise Kartika Indah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Parental Education on Hidden Sugars: A Preventive Strategy Against Childhood Diabetes
Introduction:The increasing incidence of type 2 diabetes in children is a growing public health concern, often linked to excessive consumption of sugar-rich, energy-dense foods. Many of these contain hidden sugars not easily recognized by consumers. As children are especially drawn to sweet tastes, early dietary habits can significantly impact long-term health. Parental knowledge is essential in guiding healthier food choices and preventing early exposure to diabetes risk. This study aimed to enhance parental awareness of dietary sugar intake and its potential role in childhood diabetes. Methods:A quasi-experimental pre-test–post-test design was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a health education intervention. The program included a structured lecture and interactive discussion focusing on hidden sugars and diabetes risk. Knowledge was measured using a validated questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using paired t-tests and correlation analysis.Results: The mean knowledge score increased from 7.87 ± 2.03 to 9.65 ± 1.38 (p < 0.001; 99% CI), reflecting a 22.54% improvement. The intervention significantly enhanced parental understanding of hidden sugars.Conclusions: The educational intervention effectively increased parental knowledge regarding hidden sugars and diabetes risk in children. Similar health education programs should be implemented at the community and school levels to support broader diabetes prevention efforts in children.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yoni Astuti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Congenital hypothyroidism (HK) is the most common congenital endocrine disorder in children and is the most common cause of preventable mental retradation. The disorder is caused by the absence of thyroid hormones in the womb and is not needed early can cause severe mental retardation. Clinical manifestations in neonates are not specific, but manifestations obtained after birth consist of gestational age> 42 weeks, BBL> 4kg jaundice> 3 days after birth, edema, umbilical hernia, macroglossia, acrocyanosis. The diagnosis can be made for thyroid screening. Thyroid screening in neonates is carried out before being discharged from the hospital, from the 2nd to 4th day of the baby's age, by checking TSH and T4 levels. The dose of the thyroxine hormone is adjusted to the baby's age and also the baby's body weight.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ida Bagus Eka Utama Wija, Christine Handayani Tampubolon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Analysis of Urea Levels in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients Based on Age, Sex, and Hemodialysis Frequency
Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a progressive condition characterized by declining renal function and accumulation of metabolic waste such as urea. Hemodialysis is essential in advanced CKD to reduce urea levels, which serve as an important marker for renal function and dialysis adequacy. Variations in urea levels may be influenced by demographic factors such as age and sex, as well as treatment-related factors including hemodialysis frequency. Aims: This study aimed to analyze urea levels and hemodialysis frequency among CKD patients based on age groups (<50 years, 51–60 years, and ≥61 years) and sex. Methods: A descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional design was conducted using secondary data from medical records of CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis at PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping Hospital from 2021 to 2023. A total of 78 complete records were included. Urea levels and hemodialysis frequency were analyzed descriptively, and an independent t-test was used to assess differences between male and female patients. Results: Urea levels varied across age groups within each sex. In males, the highest mean urea level was observed in the 51–60 years group, while females showed a progressive increase with age. Male patients exhibited greater variability, especially in older age groups, whereas females showed more consistent patterns. Hemodialysis frequency remained relatively stable in males but increased with age in females. However, statistical analysis revealed no significant difference in urea levels between sexes (p = 0.919), with mean values of 99.35 mg/dL in males and 100.38 mg/dL in females. Conclusion: Urea levels in CKD patients vary according to age and demonstrate different patterns between sexes, but no significant sex-based differences were identified. These findings suggest that urea dynamics are influenced by multiple factors, highlighting the importance of individualized management strategies in CKD patients undergoing hemodialysis.
Effectiveness of Methanol Extract Combination of Cymbopogon citratus stem and Syzygium aromaticum L. leaf as a Larvacide Against Aedes aegypti
Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a common disease in tropical countries, including Indonesia. The control of Ae. aegypti vectors relies on chemical insecticides, which can cause resistance and environmental pollution. Therefore, the use of biolarvicides is considered a safer alternative. Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) stems and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) leaves are known to contain active compounds with larvicidal potential. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of a 1:1 methanolic extract combination of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) stems and clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) leaves as a larvicide against Ae. aegypti based on different concentration levels. The study used an experimental method with a longitudinal prospective design. Seven treatment concentrations (0,5%; 0,75%; 1,5%; 3%; 5%; 7%; and 10%) were tested on Ae. aegypti third-instar larvae with four replications. Larval mortality was observed every hour for 12 hours, and probit analysis was used to determine LC50, LC90, LT50, and LT90 values. Larval mortality increased linearly with higher extract concentrations. The LC50 value was 0,0385%, and the LC90 value was 7,885%. At the lowest concentration (0,5%) the LT50 and LT90 values were 3,292 hours and 6,970 hours, respectively, while at the highest concentration (10%), both values <1 hours. There was a linear relationship between the concentration of the tested extract and larval mortality. The 1:1 methanolic extract combination of lemongrass stems and clove leaves proved effective as a biolarvicide against Ae. aegypti as indicated by the LC50, LC90, LT50, and LT90 values.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bunga Enjlin Natasya, Tri Wulandari Kesetyaningsih https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Contribution of Digital Transformation, Innovation and Technology Adoption To Business Opportunities For Msmes In Serang City
This study aims to analyze the contribution of digital transformation, innovation, and technology adoption to business opportunities for MSMEs in Serang City. The development of the digital economy requires MSMEs to be able to adapt through the use of technology, increase business creativity, and continuous innovation in order to be able to compete and grow. The research method used is a quantitative approach with a questionnaire technique for data collection to 120 MSMEs in Serang City selected using purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the help of SPSS version 26. The results show that digital transformation partially has a positive and significant effect on business opportunities, innovation has a positive and significant effect on business opportunities, and technology adoption has a positive and significant effect on business opportunities. Simultaneously, digital transformation, innovation, and technology adoption have a significant effect on MSME business opportunities in Serang City with a coefficient of determination of 61.2%. This indicates that MSME business opportunities are strongly influenced by the ability to utilize digital technology, create innovation, and adopt new technologies in business operations. This study implies that increasing digital literacy, strengthening innovation, and technological support need to be continuously developed to encourage the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs in the digital economy era.
Copyright (c) 2026 Icin Quraysin, Siti Muawanah, Adelawinda Iryana , Asep Chandra, Opan Baehaqi, Riski Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
An Overview of the Digital Literacy Level of Healthcare Workers at Talaga Regional General Hospital, Majalengka, in 2026
The rapid advancement of digital health technologies in the era of Industry 4.0 and Society 5.0 has necessitated adequate digital literacy among healthcare professionals; However, empirical evidence in regional hospitals remains limited. This study aims to describe the level of digital literacy among healthcare workers at a regional public hospital in 2026 based on eight dimensions of digital competence. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design was employed, involving all 90 healthcare workers through total sampling. Data were collected using a validated and highly reliable 21-item questionnaire (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.970) measured on a six-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings indicated that overall digital literacy was at a high level (82%), with the highest score in the ability to find and select information (87%) and the lowest in functional skills (78%). All dimensions, including communication, collaboration, creativity, critical thinking, cultural understanding, and digital safety, were consistently categorized as high. These results suggest that healthcare workers demonstrate strong readiness to support digital health transformation, although technical skill enhancement remains necessary. The study contributes empirical evidence for developing targeted training programs and strengthening digital health implementation in regional healthcare settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Syifa Choerunnisa, Maula Ismail Mohammad, Lina Khasanah, Bambang Karmanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Profile of Peripartum Cardiomyopathy Patients at Waled Re-gional Hospital, Cirebon Regency, January 2022 - June 2025
Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is an important cause of heart failure during pregnancy and postpartum, but patient profile data at district hospitals such as Waled Regional Hospital, Cirebon is still very limited. This study aims to describe the profile of peripartum cardiomyopathy patients at Waled Regional Hospital, Cirebon Regency, from January 2022 to June 2025. A retrospective descriptive study design was used with secondary data analysis from the medical records of all patients diagnosed with PPCM, including variables such as age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, parity, multiple pregnancies, hemoglobin levels, random blood sugar, urea, creatinine, and echocardiography results (LVEF). Analysis was performed with univariate frequency distribution using nominal and ordinal scales. The results showed that most patients were aged 36–45 years (45.16%), multiparous (54.84%), had grade II hypertension (39.03%), and had LVEF <40% (77.42%), while diabetes mellitus and multiple pregnancies were very rare. Thus, in this setting PPCM primarily affects elderly multiparous mothers with severe hypertension and left ventricular systolic dysfunction, highlighting the need for strengthened risk-based screening and collaborative management between obstetrics and cardiology
Copyright (c) 2026 Laela Susilawati, Rini Istisakinah, Nunung Nurbaniwati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
User Satisfaction Evaluation of the Mental Health Risk Detection Feature on the Satu Sehat Application Using the End User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) Method
Adolescent mental health issues, particularly anxiety and depression, remain high among Indonesian high school students, yet accessible early detection tools are limited. This study evaluated user satisfaction with the mental health risk detection feature in the SatuSehat application using the End-User Computing Satisfaction (EUCS) model among students at SMA Negeri 1 Beber, Cirebon. Using a cross-sectional, descriptive-analytical quantitative design, a quota sample of 96 students (71% female, aged 17-18 years) completed a 24-item Likert scale questionnaire validated to measure the five dimensions of the EUCS. Data were analyzed using Spearman Rank correlation due to non-normal distribution. The results showed high satisfaction (mean=4.07/5), with the highest format (4.17) and the lowest timeliness (3.92). All dimensions were strongly positively correlated with satisfaction (r=0.688-0.860, p<0.001), with ease of use being the strongest. In conclusion, the SatuSehat feature effectively satisfies adolescent users for mental health screening.
Copyright (c) 2026 Naila Khumaira, Maula Ismail Mohammad, Lina Khasanah, Bambang Karmanto https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Unveiling the Toxin Genes of Vibrio cholerae in Seafood: A Collaboration of Phenotypic and Genotypic Approaches
Vibrio cholerae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease transmitted through contaminated food or water, particularly seafood such as fish, shrimp, and shellfish. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of studies that have identified and characterized toxin genes of V. cholerae in seafood using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. The literature review was conducted using online databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with keywords “Vibrio cholerae”, “virulence gene”, “cholera toxin”, “phenotypic-genotypic detection”, “cholera infection”. Selected articles were published between 2015 and 2025 in English or Indonesian and discussed the identification of V. cholerae toxin genes from marine products. The findings revealed that V. cholerae isolates from seafood commonly harbor virulence genes such as ctxA, hlyA, ompW, tcpA, zot, ace, and rtx, which play crucial roles in colonization, toxin production, and pathogenicity. Phenotypic detection using TCBS agar and hemolysis tests serves as an initial screening, whereas genotypic identification through PCR and sequencing offers higher sensitivity and specificity. Combining both methods enhances detection accuracy and risk assessment. Therefore, monitoring virulence genes of V. cholerae in seafood is essential for strengthening food safety surveillance and preventing cholera outbreaks in coastal and tourism areas
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Budi Artaningsih, I Putu Bayu Mayura, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Prototype of Diabetic Foot Screening Website Based on Inlow's 60-second Footscreen: An Effort to Prevent Complications in Diabetes Mellitus Patients at the Sindangwangi Community Health Center
The increasing prevalence of diabetes mellitus necessitates aggressive preventive interventions, particularly for diabetic foot ulcers that often go undetected in primary care settings. This study aimed to design and develop a web-based prototype for diabetic foot screening using Inlow's 60-second Diabetic Foot Screen integrated with a forward-chaining Clinical Decision Support System. This research employed a Research and Development approach with the Expert System Development Life Cycle framework. Data were collected from 30 patients with diabetes at Sindangwangi Health Center using purposive sampling. The system's usability was evaluated using the Post-Study System Usability Questionnaire (PSSUQ). The developed system successfully automated risk categorization and provided personalized clinical recommendations based on physical foot parameters. Usability testing revealed high satisfaction levels with a grand mean PSSUQ score of 1.34, where System Quality (1.47), Information Quality (1.41), and Interface Quality (1.15) were all rated as excellent. These findings demonstrate that the integrated digital screening tool is reliable, highly usable, and effectively facilitates early detection of foot complications in primary health services. This innovation provides a scalable solution for enhancing preventive care, reducing the burden of diabetes-related complications, and improving health documentation precision in resource-limited settings.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadila Amanda Dwi, Bhakti Aryani, Yanto Haryanto, Fitria Dewi Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Biofilm: a Virulent Form of Bacteria Life In Which Leads an Emerging Battleground of Antibiotic Resistance
Biofilms represent a highly virulent bacterial lifestyle that substantially contributes to the global escalation of antimicrobial resistance by protecting pathogens from conventional therapies. This study aimed to synthesize current evidence on biofilm structure, developmental stages, and mechanisms underlying antibiotic recalcitrance in clinically important bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus. A systematic qualitative literature review was conducted using peer-reviewed articles published between 2016 and 2022 retrieved from Google Scholar, PubMed, and related scientific databases. Approximately 20 relevant studies were purposively selected based on predefined inclusion criteria, and thematic content analysis was applied to identify recurrent resistance mechanisms. The findings showed that biofilm resilience was driven by the synergistic interaction of extracellular matrix barriers, metabolic heterogeneity, persister cells, quorum sensing regulation, altered membrane permeability, stress responses, and multidrug efflux pumps. These mechanisms enabled bacteria to exhibit both genetic resistance and phenotypic tolerance, often increasing antimicrobial survival capacity up to several thousand-fold compared with planktonic cells. The review concluded that biofilm-associated infections cannot be effectively managed through single-antibiotic approaches alone. Integrated therapeutic strategies combining antibiotics with matrix-disrupting agents, quorum sensing inhibitors, and early detection technologies are required to reduce chronic infections and healthcare-associated transmission. These findings provide a conceptual basis for developing precision anti-biofilm interventions and future translational research.
Copyright (c) 2026 I Putu Bayu Mayura, Putu Yuliandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Ability of Biofilms Formation and the Differences of Antifungal Susceptibility Pattern between Planktonic and Biofilm Candida sp.
Candida sp. as human body's flora causes infections and its ability to create biofilms antifungals and host immune responses cannot reach it caused resistance to broad-spectrum antifungal. In this study, the antifungal susceptibility patterns of ketoconazole, itraconazole, and fluconazole against biofilms of Candida sp. will be determined, as well as the differences in susceptibility patterns between biofilm and planktonic Candida sp. The antifungal susceptibility of clinical isolates of both planktonic and biofilm Candida sp. determine by liquid dilution methode and the intensity of biofilm formation determined by Crystal Violet methode. Of the twenty-four Candida sp., 70.8% exhibited strong biofilm intensity, while 29.2% had moderate intensity. Planktonic Candida sp. exhibited a 100%, 78.9%, and 57.9% susceptibility pattern to fluconazole, ketokonazole, and itraconazole, respectively. Meanwhile, the sensitivity percentage decreased for biofilm Candida sp., which had sensitivity values of 31.6%, 21.1%, and 31.6%, respectively. Planktonic Candida sp. had MIC values ranging from 2 to about 33 times lower than those of biofilm Candida sp. Compared to planktonic Candida sp., the susceptibility pattern of biofilms revealed a lower sensitivity percentage. Planktonic Candida sp. had an average value ratio of 1.5 to 3.1 times, whereas Biofilm Candida sp. had MIC values 2 to > 33 times higher.
Copyright (c) 2026 Inayati Inayati, Praseno Praseno, Mustofa Mustofa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Effect of Variations in Centrifugation Time and Speed on the Quantity of Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) Eggs
Soil Transmitted Helminth (STH) infection is a significant health problem in Indonesia with a prevalence of 28.12%. Diagnosis of worm infections requires accurate detection, one of which is by the sedimentation method. The results of this sedimentation method are influenced by variations in centrifugation time and speed. This study aims to determine the effect of centrifugation time of 3, 5, and 10 minutes at a speed of 2500 rpm on the quantity of STH eggs. This study design is quasi-experimental using STH positive fecal samples from the Parasitology Laboratory of the Pekalongan Health Analyst Academy. The results showed a total of 12 eggs at 3 minutes, 18 eggs at 5 minutes and 24 eggs at 10 minutes, the Friedman test results (p = 0.264 > 0.05) mean there is no significant effect between variations in time and centrifugation speed on the quantity of STH eggs
Copyright (c) 2026 Abdul Ghofur, Kurniasih Wijayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Relationship between Characteristics of Chronic Obstructive PulmoNary Disease Patients and Spirometry Results (FEV1) in the Treatment Room of Waled Regional Hospital, September 2023-September 2024
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of global mortality with a high prevalence in Indonesia (3.7%), dominated by demographic factors such as advanced age and occupational exposure in rural areas such as Cirebon Regency, however, analytical studies of the relationship between patient characteristics and lung function (FEV1) are still minimal. This study aims to analyze the description and relationship of age, gender, and occupational history of COPD patients with FEV1 spirometry results. Using a cross-sectional analytical observational design on medical record data of 131 adult patients (>26 years) at Waled Regional Hospital from September 2023–September 2024 via total sampling, bivariate analysis was performed using Spearman Rank and Chi-Square tests (SPSS 26, α=0.05). The results showed that the majority of patients were elderly (>65 years, 45.04%), male (67.94%), construction workers (31.30%), and very severe (<30% FEV1, 62.60%); There was a weak positive significant association between age (p=0.040; r=0.180) and gender (p=0.045; r=0.176), but no significant association was found for occupation (p=0.450). The study concluded that demographic factors influence COPD progression, recommending routine risk-based spirometry screening to optimize prognosis in primary care settings
Copyright (c) 2026 Nadiyah Athirasaffa, Dwi Rosa Eka Agustina, Rian Damayanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Article Review: Phenotypic and Genotypic Identification of Bacillus cereus in Soy Milk
Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive, spore-forming bacterium frequently found as a contaminant in various food products, including soy milk, and is recognized as a causative agent of foodborne illnesses. Its pathogenicity mainly arises from the production of toxins such as non-hemolityc enterotoxin (nhe), hemolysin BL (hbl), and cytotoxin K (cytK), which contribute to gastrointestinal disorders. Conventional phenotypic identification methods, including culture, morphological observation, and biochemical assays, are simple but often lack specificity in distinguishing B. cereus from the B. cereus group. Therefore, genotypic approaches based on molecular techniques such as PCR and Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) are required to achieve higher sensitivity and precision. The gyrB gene serves as a molecular marker for species confirmation, while the nhe gene complex acts as a virulence determinant in identifying toxigenic strains. The integration of phenotypic and genotypic methods provides a more comprehensive understanding of B. cereus contamination in soymilk, elucidating its genetic diversity and pathogenic potential, which are essential aspects of food safety assessment.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Ketut Sastraningsih, I Putu Bayu Mayura, Ida Bagus Nyoman Putra Dwija https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of Information System X Users Using the HOT-Fit Method at RSUD X in 2026
Digital transformation in the healthcare sector demands optimization of the Hospital Management Information System (SIMRS), including system information X at RSUD X, which still faces technical and usability challenges. This study aims to analyze the relationship between human, organizational, and technological factors and net benefits using the HOT-Fit model. The study used a quantitative, analytical descriptive design with a cross-sectional approach. The population was 117 SIMRS users with a sample of 91 respondents using the proportionate stratified random sampling technique. The research instrument was a 38-item Likert questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed univariately and bivariately using the Spearman correlation test. The results showed that all variables had a significant relationship with net benefits, with moderate strengths for human (r=0.560) and organizational (r=0.573), and strong for technology (r=0.659). In addition, most respondents gave positive assessments on all HOT-Fit dimensions, although there were still obstacles in access speed and technical services. The conclusion of this study shows that technological factors are the main determinant in increasing SIMRS benefits, supported by the role of human and organizational factors. System optimization requires infrastructure improvements, ongoing training, and consistent organizational support.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rasya Fadia Rohim, Yanto Haryanto, Bhakti Aryani, Fitria Dewi Rahmawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0