The Effects of Unprogrammed Training in Athletes Prior to Competition on Musculoskeletal and Metabolic Function: A Systematic Review

Abstract

Unplanned training before competition may affect athletes’ musculoskeletal function, metabolic responses, recovery, and competitive performance. However, the extent of these effects remains insufficiently established. This systematic review aimed to examine the potential effects of unplanned pre-competition training on musculoskeletal function and metabolism. Relevant international publications addressing training-load changes, injury risk, physiological responses, recovery, and pre-competition tapering were synthesized narratively. The reviewed literature included systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and international consensus statements. The findings suggest that sudden or poorly coordinated increases in training load may contribute to accumulated fatigue and potentially increase injury risk when training demands exceed athletes’ physical capacity and recovery opportunities. Evidence also indicates that planned reductions in training volume before competition can improve selected performance outcomes. Nevertheless, associations between workload indicators and injury were inconsistent, emphasizing the importance of individual characteristics, training history, sport-specific demands, and recovery conditions. Importantly, most reviewed publications investigated workload management and planned tapering rather than unplanned training directly. Therefore, the specific causal effects of unplanned training on musculoskeletal and metabolic outcomes remain uncertain. Future research should employ prospective study designs, clearly define unplanned training exposure, and assess standardized physiological, biochemical, musculoskeletal, and performance indicators. Individualized training management and systematic recovery monitoring are recommended to support athlete health and competitive readiness.