The Effect Of Risk Factors And Clinical Symptoms On Comorbid And Non-Comorbid Disease In Covid-19 Patients At Royal Prima General Hospital Medan
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v2i2.52Abstract
Covid-19 is a disease caused by infection with SARS-CoV-2 and causes a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from asymptomatic to critical symptoms, depending on various risk factors. The purpose of this research is to analyze the effect of risk factors (age, gender, occupation) and clinical symptoms (asymptomatic, mild, moderate, severe, critical) on comorbid and non-comorbid diseases in Covid-19 patients at General Hospital Royal Prima Medan. This Paper research used is quantitative research with secondary data collection in April-June 2021. The number of research samples was 308 comorbid patients and 308 non-comorbid patients. Data were analyzed univariately to see a descriptive picture, bivariate using chi-square test, and multivariate using binary logistic regression test. The results of this study are: based on age risk factors, the highest age group is 46-65 years (40.1%). The conclusions in this study are there is an influence of risk factors for age, gender, and mild, moderate, and severe clinical symptoms on comorbid and non-comorbid diseases in Covid-19 patients at Royal Prima Hospital Medan.
References
Arikunto, S. (2016). Research Procedure: A Practical Approach. Rineka Cipta.
Burhan et al. (2020). COVID-19 MANAGEMENT GUIDELINES (1st ed.). PDPI, PERKI, PAPDI, PERDATIN, IDAI.
Cai, H. (2020). Sex difference and smoking predisposition in patients with COVID-19. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(4), e20. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30117-X
Chan JF, To KK, Tse H, Jin DY, YK (2013). Interspecies transmission and emergence of novel viruses: lessons from bats and birds. 21(10), 544–555.
Chen, Y., Liu, Q., & Guo, D. (2020). Emerging coronaviruses: Genome structure, replication, and pathogenesis. Journal of Medical Virology, 92(4), 418–423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681
Escalera-Antezana, JP, Lizon-Ferrufino, NF, Maldonado-Alanoca, A., Alarcón-De-la-vega, G., Alvarado-Arnez, LE, Balderrama-Saavedra, MA, Katterine Bonilla-Aldana, D., & Rodríguez-Morales, AJ (2020). Risk factors for mortality in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Bolivia: An analysis of the first 107 confirmed cases. Infezioni in Medicina, 28(2), 238–242.
Fang, L., Karakiulakis, G., & Roth, M. (2020). Antihypertensive drugs and risk of COVID-19? – Authors' replies. The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, 8(5), e32–e33. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30159-4
Guan, W. et al. (2020a). Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. New England Journal of Medicine, 382(18), 1708–1720. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa2002032
Guan, W. et al. (2020b). Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with COVID-19 in China: a nationwide analysis Wei-jie. Eur Respira J, 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.00547-2020
Hidayani, WR (2020). Risk Factors Associated with COVID 19 : Literature Review. Journal for Healthy Society (JUKMAS), 4(2), 120–134. http://ejournal.urindo.ac.id/index.php/jukmas%0AArticle
Hudari, H. (2020). Covid-19 diagnosis. Unsri RSMH Palembang.
Ikawaty, R. (2020). Dynamics of Interaction of ACE2 Receptors and SARS-CoV-2 Against Clinical Manifestations of COVID-19. KELUWIH: Journal of Health and Medicine, 1(2), 70–76. https://doi.org/10.24123/kesdok.v1i2.2869
Isabiah et al. (2020). Guidelines for Preparedness for Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). In Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia Directorate General, Disease Prevention and Control (P2P) (pp. 0–115).
Jakovljević, M., & Ostojić, L. (2013). Comorbidity and multimorbidity in medicine today: challenges and opportunities for bringing separated branches of medicine closer to each other. In Psychiatria Danubina: Vol. 25 Suppl 1 (pp. 18–28).
Ministry of Health, R. (2021). Latest Situation of the Development of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 02 March 2021. https://covid19.kemkes.go.id/situasi-infection-emerging/situasi-terkini-perkembangan-coronavirus-disease-covid-19-02-maret- 2021
Liu, W., Tao, ZW, Wang, L., Yuan, ML, Liu, K., Zhou, L., Wei, S., Deng, Y., Liu, J., Liu, HG, Yang, M. ., & Hu, Y. (2020). Analysis of factors associated with disease outcomes in hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus disease. Chinese Medical Journal, 133(9), 1032–1038. https://doi.org/10.1097/CM9.0000000000000775
Liu, Y., Gayle, AA, Wilder-Smith, A., & Rocklöv, J. (2020). The reproductive number of COVID-19 is higher compared to SARS coronavirus. Journal of Travel Medicine, 27(2), 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/taaa021
Longato, E., Di Camillo, B., Sparacino, G., Gubian, L., Avogaro, A., & Fadini, GP (2020). Cardiovascular outcomes of type 2 diabetic patients treated with SGLT-2 inhibitors versus GLP-1 receptor agonists in real-life. BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.2766/bmjdrc-2020-001451
Lu, R., Zhao, X., Li, J., Niu, P., Yang, B., Wu, H., Wang, W., Song, H., Huang, B., Zhu, N., Bi, Y., Ma, X., Zhan, F., Wang, L., Hu, T., Zhou, H., Hu, Z., Zhou, W., Zhao, L., … Tan, W. (2020). Genomic characterization and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. The Lancet, 395(10224), 565–574. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8
Mehta, P., McAuley, DF, Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, RS, & Manson, JJ (2020). COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression. The Lancet, 395(10229), 1033–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30628-0
Nursastri, SA (2020). Covid-19 Risk Factors, from Age to Congenital Diseases. https://doi.org/https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2020/04/13/200200423/risk-factors-covid-19-dari-age-to-disease-congenital?page= all
Okay, J., & Heneghan, C. (2020). Global Covid-19 Case Fatality Rates. https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates. OXFORD CEBM Research, 1–12. https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates/
Salehi, S., Abedi, A., Balakrishnan, S., & Gholamrezanezhad, A. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review of imaging findings in 919 patients. American Journal of Roentgenology, 215(1), 87–93. https://doi.org/10.2214/AJR.20.23034
Satria, RMA, Tutupoho, RV, & Chalidyanto, D. (2020). Analysis of Risk Factors for Death with Comorbid Covid-19 Diseases. Silampari Journal of Nursing, 4(1), 48–55. https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v4i1.1587
Sugiyono. (2017). Research Methods Quantitative, Qualitative and R&D. Alphabet.
Sulandjari R., Kusumawardani Y., FD (2021). Socialization of the manufacture of hand sanitizers (HS) and distribution in the community around Pandanaran University. 6(12), 42–64.
The Lancet. (2020). The gendered dimensions of COVID-19 Suhaimi. 395(10231), 1168. https://www.thelancet.com/
The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team. (2020). The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) in China. CCDC Weekly, 2(x), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3760/cma.j.issn.0254-6450.2020.02.003
Thevarajan, et al. (2020). The proximal origin of SARS-CoV-2. Nature Medicine, 26(4), 450–452. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-020-0820-9
Valderas, JM, Starfi, B., & Sibbald, B. (2009). Understanding Health and Health Services. Annals Of Family Medicine, 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1370/afm.983.Martin
Wan, Y., Shang, J., Graham, R., Baric, RS, & Li, F. (2020). Receptor Recognition by the Novel Coronavirus from Wuhan: an Analysis Based on Decade-Long Structural Studies of SARS Coronavirus. Journal of Virology, 94(7), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00127-20
Wang, Z., Qiang, W., Ke, H. (2020). A Handbook of 2019-nCoV Pneumonia Control and Prevention. Hubei Science and Technology Press.
Wang et al. (2020). Does comorbidity increase the risk of patients with COVID-19. Aging, 12(7), 6049–6057.
Wang, J., Zhou, M., & Liu, F. (2020). Reasons for healthcare workers becoming infected with novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China. Journal of Hospital Infection, 105(1), 100–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2020.03.002
Welle., D. (2020). What Affects the High Ratio of Deaths Due to Corona in Indonesia? https://news.detik.com/dw/d-4947076/apa-saja-yang-meunjuki-high-ratio-kematian-hasil-corona-di-ri
WHO. (2020a). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) advice for the public. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public
WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report -51. World Health Organization.
WHO. (2020c). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report – 68. https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports
WHO. (2020d). Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).
WHO. (2021a). COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update 22. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/weekly_epidemiological_update_22.pdf
WHO. (2021b). Global Situation ; Situation by Country, Territory & Area. https://covid19.who.int/?gclid=EAIaIQobChMIw7C5oqi27wIVUddMAh1OlQKPEAAYASABEgJFz_D_BwE
Wu, C., Chen, X., Cai, Y., Xia, J., Zhou, X., Xu, S., Huang, H., Zhang, L., Zhou, X., Du, C., Zhang, Y., Song, J., Wang, S., Chao, Y., Yang, Z., Xu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, D., Xiong, W., … Song, Y. (2020). Risk Factors Associated with Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Internal Medicine, 180(7), 934–943. https://doi.org/10.1001/jammainternmed.2020.0994
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Putri Gly De La Glory Ginting, Marlinang Isabela Silalahi, Sri Lestari Nasution
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.