Unveiling the Toxin Genes of Vibrio cholerae in Seafood: A Collaboration of Phenotypic and Genotypic Approaches
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v6i2.627Abstract
Vibrio cholerae is a pathogenic bacterium that causes cholera, a severe diarrheal disease transmitted through contaminated food or water, particularly seafood such as fish, shrimp, and shellfish. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of studies that have identified and characterized toxin genes of V. cholerae in seafood using phenotypic and genotypic approaches. The literature review was conducted using online databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar with keywords “Vibrio cholerae”, “virulence gene”, “cholera toxin”, “phenotypic-genotypic detection”, “cholera infection”. Selected articles were published between 2015 and 2025 in English or Indonesian and discussed the identification of V. cholerae toxin genes from marine products. The findings revealed that V. cholerae isolates from seafood commonly harbor virulence genes such as ctxA, hlyA, ompW, tcpA, zot, ace, and rtx, which play crucial roles in colonization, toxin production, and pathogenicity. Phenotypic detection using TCBS agar and hemolysis tests serves as an initial screening, whereas genotypic identification through PCR and sequencing offers higher sensitivity and specificity. Combining both methods enhances detection accuracy and risk assessment. Therefore, monitoring virulence genes of V. cholerae in seafood is essential for strengthening food safety surveillance and preventing cholera outbreaks in coastal and tourism areas
Downloads
References
[1]. Brauge, T. et al. (2024) ‘Sources and Contamination Routes of Seafood with Human Pathogenic Vibrio spp .: A Farm-to-Fork approach’, (July 2023), pp. 1–25. doi: 10.1111/1541-4337.13283.
[2]. Chaguza, C. et al. (2024) ‘Genomic insights into the 2022 – 2023 Vibrio cholerae outbreak in Malawi’, Nature Communications, (June 2023), pp. 1–15. doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-50484-w.
[3]. Chow, K. H., Ng, T. K. and Yuen, K. Y. (2001) ‘Detection of RTX Toxin Gene in Vibrio cholerae by PCR’, Journal of Clinical Microbiology, 39(7), pp. 2594–2597. doi: 10.1128/JCM.39.7.2594.
[4]. Diez, C. M. P. et al. (2023) ‘Increased intracellular persul fi de levels attenuate HlyU-mediated hemolysin transcriptional activation in Vibrio cholerae’, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 299(9), p. 105147. doi: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105147.
[5]. Fernandez, N. L. et al. (2020) ‘Vibrio Cholerae Adapts to Sessile and Motile Lifestyles by Cyclic di-GMP Regulation of Cell Shape’, PNAS, 117. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2010199117.
[6]. Guli, M. M. (2016) ‘Patogenesis Penyakit Kolera Pada Manusia’, 10(2).
[7]. Guntina, R. K., Agung, S. and Kusuma, F. (2016) ‘Deteksi Vibrio cholerae’, Farmaka, 15, pp. 92–104.
[8]. Herrera, A. and J.F.Satchell, K. (2020) ‘Cross-Kingdom Activation of Vibrio Toxins by ADP-Ribosylation Factor Family GTPases’, American Society for Mikrobiology, 202(November), pp. 1–15. doi: https://doi.org/10.1128/JB .00278-20.
[9]. Hossain, Z. Z. et al. (2018) ‘Transmission and Toxigenic Potential of Vibrio cholerae in Hilsha Fish (Tenualosa ilisha) for Human Consumption in Bangladesh’, Frontier in Microbiology, 9(February), pp. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00222.
[10]. Hsiao, A. and Zhu, J. (2020) ‘Pathogenicity and virulence regulation of Vibrio cholerae at the interface of host-gut microbiome interactions Abstract’, 11(1), pp. 1582–1599. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/21505594.2020.1845039 REVIEW.
[11]. Huq, A. et al. (2013) ‘Detection, Isolation, and Identification of Vibrio cholerae from the Environment’, NIH Public Access, pp. 1–58. doi: 10.1002/9780471729259.mc06a05s26.Detection.
[12]. Jawetz and Adelberg’s, M. and (2019) Medical Microbiology. 28th Editi.
[13]. Kachienga, L. et al. (2024) ‘Surveillance of Vibrio cholerae serogroups ( O1 and O139 ) from surface and ground water sources in the Vhembe district , Limpopo province , South Africa’, Frontier in Enviromental Science, (December), pp. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fenvs.2024.1498893.
[14]. Lassalle, F. et al. (2023) ‘Genomic Epidemiology Reveals Multidrug Resistant Plasmid Spread Between Vibrio cholerae lineages in Yemen’, Nature Microbiology, 8(October). doi: 10.1038/s41564-023-01472-1.
[15]. Lopez-joven, C. et al. (2020) ‘Analysis of the Zonula occludens Toxin Found in the Genome of the Chilean Non-toxigenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strain’, Frontier in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 10(September), pp. 1–13. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00482.
[16]. Montero, D. A. et al. (2023) ‘Vibrio cholerae, Classification, Pathogenesis, Immune Response, and Trends in Vaccine Development’, Frontier in Medicine, (May). doi: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1155751.
[17]. Mumpuni, F. S. and Hasibuan, S. (2020) ‘Prevalensi Mikroba Pada Produk Pindang Tongkol Skala Ukm Di Pelabuhan Ratu, Sukabumi’, 21(January 2019). Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sawarni-Hasibuan/publication/330243901_Prevalensi_Mikroba_Pada_Produk_Pindang_Tongkol_Skala_Ukm_Di_Pelabuhan_Ratu_Sukabumi/Links/5fd83ccea6fdccdcb8c9c4e1/Prevalensi-Mikroba-Pada-Produk-Pindang-Tongkol-Skala-Ukm-Di-Pelabuhan-Ratu-Sukabumi.pdf?origin=publication_detail&_tp=eyJjb250ZXh0Ijp7ImZpcnN0UGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uIiwicGFnZSI6InB1YmxpY2F0aW9uRG93bmxvYWQiLCJwcmV2aW91c1BhZ2UiOiJwdWJsaWNhdGlvbiJ9fQ&__cf_chl_tk=gJZG2gkdzokmu85mHZdQjZr3FcW2aBLEOv1KuzyfXaA-1752582061-1.0.1.1-6ICLbOptKHvsPiqjV82rSh3G1kMdtHUPR4Q7HuJaKbo.
[18]. Pant, A., Das, B. and Bhadra, R. K. (2019) ‘CTX phage of Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and applications’, Elsevier. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.034.
[19]. Praja, R. K. et al. (2019) ‘Detection of Genes Encoding ompW and ctxA of Vibrio cholerae Isolated from Shrimp and Shellfish at Kedonganan Fish Market , Bali-Indonesia’, Ocean Biomedicina Journal, 2(1), pp. 1–14.
[20]. Sebrina, N. Z. et al. (2022) ‘Analysis of Vibrio cholerae Bacteria in House Flies ( Musca domestica ) Causes Cholera. Analisis Bakteri Vibrio cholerae pada Lalat Rumah ( Musca domestica ) Penyebab Kolera’, pp. 319–327.
[21]. Siregar, A. M. T. et al. (2025) ‘Uji Efektifitas Antibakteri Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Kunyit ( Curcuma Domestic Val ) Terhadap Pertumbuhan Vibrio Cholera Secara In Vitro Antibacterial Effectiveness Of Turmeric Rhizome Ethanol Extract ( Curcuma Domestic Val ) Agus Maruli Tua Siregar Pendahuluan Penyakiti’, Jurnal Kedokteran STM (Sains dan Teknologi Medik), VIII(I), pp. 61–71.
[22]. Sukrama, D. M. et al. (2017) ‘Pheno-genotypic profile of Vibrio cholerae hemolysin ( hlyA ) isolated from shrimp and shellfish at the Kedonganan fish market , Bali-Indonesia’, Bali Medical Journal, (June 2023). doi: 10.15562/bmj.v5i2.231.
[23]. WHO (2024) ‘Cholera’, WHO. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera.
[24]. Yang, J. et al. (2023) ‘Absolute quantification of viable Vibrio cholerae in seawater samples using multiplex droplet digital PCR combined with propidium monoazide’, (June), pp. 1–11. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149981.
[25]. Yoon, S. H. and Waters, C. M. (2020) ‘Vibrio cholerae’, HSS Public Access, 27(9), pp. 806–807. doi: 10.1016/j.tim.2019.03.005.Vibrio.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 Ni Luh Budi Artaningsih, I Putu Bayu Mayura, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
