Hba1c and Blood Pressure Correlation In Patients With Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.51601/ijhp.v2i3.76Abstract
The primary metabolic disorder in diabetes mellitus is hyperglycemia, which can be assessed through glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels as an indicator of long-term blood glucose control. Abnormal glucose metabolism may affect vascular function and contribute to increased blood pressure, making hypertension a common complication among patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to determine the correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure in patients with uncontrolled type 2 diabetes mellitus. An observational cross-sectional study was conducted at RSU PKU Muhammadiyah Gamping involving 90 subjects aged 31–65 years, consisting of 48 men and 42 women. HbA1c levels were measured using the boronate affinity method, and blood pressure was assessed with a sphygmomanometer. Statistical analysis used the independent t-test, Mann–Whitney U test, and Spearman correlation with a significance level of α = 0.05. The mean HbA1c level was 10 ± 2.08%, mean systolic pressure 132.75 ± 18.04 mmHg, and mean diastolic pressure 83.28 ± 10.38 mmHg. Hypertension occurred in 36.66% of subjects. The results showed no significant differences in blood pressure between sexes or glycemic control groups and no significant correlation between HbA1c levels and blood pressure. These findings suggest that factors other than glycemic control may influence blood pressure in diabetic patients.
Downloads
References
Akalu, Y., & Belsti, Y. (2020). Hypertension and Its Associated Factors Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Debre Tabor General Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia. Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, Volume 13, 1621–1631. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S254537
Almutairi, J. S., Almigbal, T. H., Alruhaim, H. Y., Mujammami, M. H., AlMogbel, T. A., Alshahrani, A. M., Al Zahrani, A. M., Batais, M. A., & Shaik, S. A. (2022). Self-awareness of HbA1c and its association with glycemic control among patients with type 2 diabetes: A multicenter study. Saudi Medical Journal, 43(3), 291–300. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2022.43.3.20210536
American Diabetes Association. (2020). Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2020 Abridged for Primary Care Providers. Clinical Diabetes, 38(1), 10–38. https://doi.org/10.2337/cd20-as01
Arania, R., Esfandiari, F., Triwahyuni, T., & Hafizhdillah, A. R. (2021). Hubungan Antara Tekanan Darah Sistolik Dengan Kadar HbA1c Pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 Di Klinik Arafah Lampung Tengah. Jurnal Medika Malahayati, 5(2), 124–131. https://doi.org/10.33024/jmm.v5i2.4151
Haile, T. G., Mariye, T., Tadesse, D. B., Gebremeskel, G. G., Asefa, G. G., & Getachew, T. (2023). Prevalence of hypertension among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. International Health, 15(3), 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1093/inthealth/ihac060
Hardianto, D. (2021). Telaah Komprehensif Diabetes Melitus: Klasifikasi, Gejala, Diagnosis, Pencegahan, Dan Pengobatan: A Comprehensive Review of Diabetes Mellitus: Classification, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Jurnal Bioteknologi & Biosains Indonesia (JBBI), 7(2), 304–317. https://doi.org/10.29122/jbbi.v7i2.4209
Haryati, A. I., & Tyas, T. A. W. (2022). Perbandingan Kadar HbA1c pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 yang Disertai Hipertensi dan Tanpa Hipertensi di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Duri, Mandau, Bengkalis, Riau. Jurnal Kedokteran dan Kesehatan, 18(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.24853/jkk.18.1.33-40
Huang, X., Qin, C., Guo, X., Cao, F., & Tang, C. (2023). Association of hemoglobin A1c with the incidence of hypertension: A large prospective study. Frontiers in Endocrinology, 13, 1098012. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2022.1098012
Jia, G., & Sowers, J. R. (2021). Hypertension in Diabetes: An Update of Basic Mechanisms and Clinical Disease. Hypertension, 78(5), 1197–1205. https://doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.17981
Khorasani, S. H., Masoumi, M., Nakhaei, M., & Masoumi, A. (2019). Relationship Between the Hypertension Stage and Hemoglobin A1c in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Iranian Heart Journal;, 20(3).
Lee, Y.-H., Shin, M.-H., Choi, J.-S., Rhee, J.-A., Nam, H.-S., Jeong, S.-K., Park, K.-S., Ryu, S.-Y., Choi, S.-W., Kim, B.-H., Oh, G.-J., & Kweon, S.-S. (2016). HbA1c is significantly associated with arterial stiffness but not with carotid atherosclerosis in a community-based population without type 2 diabetes: The Dong-gu study. Atherosclerosis, 247, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2016.01.032
Lumban, R., Hiswani, & Ashar, T. (2015). Karakteristik Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Dengan Komplikasi Yang Dirawat Inap Di Rumah Sakit Martha Friska Tahun 2014. Jurnal Gizi, Kesehatan Reproduksi Dan Epidemiologi,1(4). ttp://portalgaruda.fti.unissula.ac.id/index.php?ref=browse&mod=viewarticle&article=438113
Mohanty, P., Patnaik, L., Nayak, G., & Dutta, A. (2022). Gender difference in prevalence of hypertension among Indians across various age-groups: A report from multiple nationally representative samples. BMC Public Health, 22(1), 1524. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13949-5
Naseri, M. W., Esmat, H. A., & Bahee, M. D. (2022). Prevalence of hypertension in Type-2 diabetes mellitus. Annals of Medicine & Surgery, 78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amsu.2022.103758
Nawi, M. A., Mohammad, Z., Jetly, K., Abd Razak, M. A., Ramli, N. S., Wan Ibadullah, W. A. H., & Ahmad, N. (2021). The Prevalence and Risk Factors of Hypertension among the Urban Population in Southeast Asian Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Hypertension, 2021, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6657003
Omar, S. M., Musa, I. R., Abdelbagi, O., Sharif, M. E., & Adam, I. (2022). The association between glycosylated haemoglobin and newly diagnosed hypertension in a non-diabetic Sudanese population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 22(1), 208. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-022-02649-y
Pan, W., Lu, H., Lian, B., Liao, P., Guo, L., & Zhang, M. (2019). Prognostic value of HbA1c for in-hospital and short-term mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovascular Diabetology, 18(1), 169. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-019-0970-6
PERKENI. (2021). Pedoman pengelolaan dan pencegahan diabetes melitus tipe 2 dewasa di INDONESIA - 2021.
Ramanathan, A. S. (2017). Correlation of duration, hypertension and glycemic control with microvascular complications of diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital. Integrative Molecular Medicine, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.15761/IMM.1000272
Salsabila, E., Utami, S. L., & Sahadewa, S. (2024). Faktor Risiko Usia dan Jenis Kelamin dengan Kejadian Hipertensi di Klinik Paradise Surabaya Oktober 2023.
Sherwani, S. I., Khan, H. A., Ekhzaimy, A., Masood, A., & Sakharkar, M. K. (2016). Significance of HbA1c Test in Diagnosis and Prognosis of Diabetic Patients. Biomarker Insights, 11, BMI.S38440. https://doi.org/10.4137/BMI.S38440
Song, J., Wei, N., Zhao, Y., Jiang, Y., Wu, X., & Gao, H. (2020). Elevated glycosylated hemoglobin levels and their interactive effects on hypertension risk in nondiabetic Chinese population: A cross-sectional survey. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 20(1), 218. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-020-01501-5
WHO. (2023, March 16). Hypertension. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hypertension
Zeng, R., Zhang, Y., Xu, J., Kong, Y., Tan, J., Guo, L., & Zhang, M. (2023). Relationship of Glycated Hemoglobin A1c with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality among Patients with Hypertension. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(7), 2615. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12072615.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Adang Muhammad Gugun, Suryanto Suryanto, Muhammad Emil Fadli Nugroho, Pravda Bintang Bari
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
